I'm too lazy to write an essay. In fact, I'm too lazy to even write an essay for my Senior Seminar course due tomorrow. But here's an essay I did write last semester trying to defend a proposed American Literature syllabus. So if anyone needs  free essay...enjoy.
-Dan
The “Art” of a Syllabus:
Aesthetics and Cultural Studies in the Construction of a Syllabus
“What America did  you have when Charon quit poling his ferry and
you got out on a smoking bank and stood watching the boat
disappear on the black waters of Lethe?”
 Supermarket in California - Allen Ginsberg
	Over the course of one semester, my view of English literature has shifted entirely. I can no longer expect to enjoy a centered world of text, authors and reader but rather one whose entire premise is to tear down the structures of old critical analysis and replace it with a new world order of nihilistic freedom. I must now confront the ideals of signifiers and differance. The Canon has been replaced with stone monuments to race, class, gender and sexuality. Reading is now purely academic, an analytic discussion on discursive properties; a response to the world’s injustices and experiences. And through all of this, my thoughts are that I’m on a spinning wheel of death, screaming for it to stop so I might allow my stomach to exit my throat and return to it’s original position. I’m a romantic and blasphemist wrapped all in one liberal college student who has conservative views on Literature. I’m tired of being in prison, I don’t enjoy this Panopticism and would much rather prefer to return to my room and just read a book. In this defense of my syllabus, I’m going to look at my choices of texts; my choices of authors, or rather a few of them. Here I find a revisitation to all the essentials of the past semester’s work, trying to finally answer my own individual question: “where do I stand?”  It has been an experience of individualization and also one of realization, that as much as I have looked to return to a belief in the aesthetic form, I’ve also been participating in my own panopticism, becoming entangled in the discursive power of cultural studies; I’ve become a good little citizen in big brother’s eyes. In the creation of my syllabus, I’ve discovered three important questions: “Why cultural studies? Why aesthetics?” and “Where has the Literature gone?”
	I chose to begin this defense with a quote from Allen Ginsberg’s “Supermarket in California.” In choosing such, I believe it shows some of my main principles for the development of my syllabus. The specifics of the quote include Ginsberg’s address to Walt Whitman in the final lines of his poetry, asking Whitman “What America did you have?” at death. The quote shows an element of chronological transition, a statement that the America now isn’t the same as the America ten years or one hundred years ago. The same can be said for American Literature and Critical analysis. Fifty years ago, universities and their english departments were teaching “New Criticism” and close reading which was followed by Structuralism and then Post-Structualism with its Cultural Studies and postmodern theory. Walt Whitman’s America was different from Ginsberg and it’s certainly different than my America, but is the literature different? With the evolution of critical theory, the answer would certainly seem yes and at the heart of this discussion is The Western Canon.
	Harold Bloom, in his “Elegy for the Canon” states that we should see “the Canon, as the relation of an individual and writer to what has been preserved out of what has been written, and forget the canon as a list of books for required study, will be seen as identical with the literary Art of Memory” (Bloom 17). He continues with the discussion of those who “have the capacity to become highly individual readers and writers” as well as those who would seek to politicize the canon. Bloom is critiquing the current movement in literary theory of cultural studies, where the main facets of the theory include “race, class, gender and sexuality”. He asserts that Literature’s place is with the individual, not the politicized group defined by race, class, gender and sexuality. To do so, as Michael Clark, another proponent of aesthetical form states, would be “semantically redundant” because Literature, in its basic sense is “so utterly unique or ‘marginal’ in itself that it must undermine the very possibility of stable affiliation with any group” (Clark 9). It is with this school of thought that I agree with the most, and accordingly, the theory that I used for the majority of construction of my syllabus.
	I chose to begin my semester with Walt Whitman. This choice is purely founded in an aesthetic view of literature. It is a choice based on the understanding that there is an entire experience in reading Whitman in an aesthetic context. Bloom discusses the movement away from aestheticism as one in which reduces a poem to purely “a social document, or, rarely yet possibly, an attempt to overcome philosophy” (Bloom 18). Whitman begins in Song of Myself: I CELEBRATE myself, and sing myself, / And what I assume you shall assume, / For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.” Aestheticism is a celebration of the individual; the individual experience of reading that occurs in myself as well as in others. As Bloom would write, “the individual self is the only method and the whole standard for apprehending aesthetic value” (Bloom 23). It is not purely a social experience, to be looked over and analyzed in the matter of social context, but rather as a truly individual appreciation of the play of words on the page, the art form of letters. It is defined as great literature in itself, not by the surrounding historical and social context.
	But why? Why is it an experience to be hoarded by the elitists who “appreciate” the finer texture of literature rather than those who seek to “open it up” in reference to the Canon. I continually ask myself: “Why am I choosing Walt Whitman as a part of my syllabus?” Do I truly believe that there is an innate value in it that screams: “Read me, I’m literature!” And for now, I say yes. With this one answer, more questions arise, and I feel that inner voice inside ask: “Dan, but do you even know what aesthetic value is?” The answer: “Probably not”. But I like to believe that even though I can not define it, as its definition is probably one that goes hand in hand with the definition of Literature, I still can “know” what the aesthetic form is, even if it is tangible or not.
	But again, I continually think of questions that seek to rip the rug out from underneath me. Bloom would put it more eloquently than I would when he writes: “I can search out no inner connection between an social group and the specific ways in which I have spent my life reading” (Bloom 23). If only I had Bloom’s security in belief. I am now questioning the validity of my statement towards aesthetics. Is my definition of aesthetics just a warped version of cultural studies, that I have only come to know “aesthetics” through a cultural context? Could it be possible that I only “know” good literature through its construction in culture and social themes? I very well could be a product of culture in terms of literature and my center, founded in a notion of aesthetic value, would appear to disappear; I would realize that I was standing on my hands and waving with my feet. One line within Bloom’s “Elegy for the Canon”, I find specifically disheartening. Bloom writes that Shakespeare’s “aesthetic supremacy has been confirmed by the universal judgment of four centuries” (Bloom 23). I begin to wonder if historical stamina is a means of truly judging a position within the Canon. Is Bloom confirming my fears that because a writer has the ability to last, that there must be an innate aesthetic form and value? And in doing so, does that mean that I am reading Whitman, or Hemingway, or Faulkner because others had read those specific authors before?
	I would certainly hope not, specifically thinking back to a certain notion of “snowballing” where as an author gains notoriety and respect purely on is elasticity, his or her ability to bounce along in chronology because society has deemed this author “good”. My defense to this argument is that its origins would certainly be one of aesthetic value rather than popular opinion concerning a text. Playing devil’s advocate once more, I must keep questioning my basis for aesthetic form and practice. Again, I find Bloom has the same shortfalls. Our we products of society? It is the institution that has allowed us to enjoy these “individual” reading experiences? Bloom questions his ability to read at leisure because he is benefitting from Yale, and so I must ask the same question: “Am I benefitting in reading from attending Saint Michael’s College?”  To do so is to recognize the quagmire of problems that this loaded question might pose. Certainly, as I attend the school as an English major, I an participating in a discourse and power scheme, one specifically mentioned by Foucault. Has this participation in the panopticon skewed my ability to read as an individual or can I escape unscathed?
	In the construction of my syllabus from the beginning, I chose one of my American Literature anthologies and went chronologically, from the beginning, choosing authors that I felt would be considered noteworthy, great examples of American Literature in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. While still in the draft phrase, I presented it to a professor for his reactions to its collection of writers. The professor made comments, citing its majority of white writers, some African Americans and only four days spent on women writers. Reviewing the comments, I went back to the syllabus and added more diversity, I said it. Diversity.
	I have shown you my cards now. I do in fact have a disposition that would favor cultural studies, if only a little. Again, that aforementioned question returns,”why cultural studies?” The reason for my inclusion of authors that would allow my syllabus to be considered multicultural was in fact because I was participating in the power and discursive properties of cultural studies. As I had said, I had become a good little citizen in big brother’s eye. I was the subject of a panopticonic reality, where my choice of authors on the syllabus would reveal to a reader my views on the monuments of cultural studies: race, class, gender and sexuality. To not include authors that would “diversify” my syllabus would certainly bring up questions. I wouldn’t be a good citizen in a society that values multiculturalism in all aspects of itself. To leave out an author like Countee Cullen, I would ask myself, “would I be seen as a card carrying member of the Ku Klux Klan?” Probably not, but the thoughts and desires are there, for me to be viewed as a person of “good, moral” character who wouldn't exclude writers and text based on the four facets of cultural studies.
	Harold Bloom , in the “Elegy for the Canon”, discusses his attempt to reread Milton’s Paradise Lost. He writes:
	Although the poem is a biblical epic, in classical form, the peculiar impression it gave me was that I generally ascribe to literary fantasy or science fiction, not to heroic epic. Weirdness was its overwhelming effect. I was stunned by two related by different sensations: the author’s competitive and triumphant power, marvelously displayed in a struggle, both implicit and explicit, against every other author and text, the Bible included, and also the sometimes terrifying strangeness of what was being presented.
Here Bloom has presented a case of a revisitation to an important, canonical text and read it without another influence. In doing so, he is describing how a reader can read a piece of literature outside of societal context. His mention of the “struggle...against every other author and text” echoes one of his other works, “The Anxiety of Influence” in which he describes the necessity of authors to enter into a dialogue with those who have come before.
	 In continually working though my syllabus, this concept of the “Anxiety of Influence”  and the way authors converse with one another intrigued me. And again, I would wonder how this would have an effect on cultural studies as well as aesthetics. Turning back to Ginsberg’s “Supermarket in California”, we can see this dialogue occurring in Ginsberg’s address to Walt Whitman. Is Ginsberg trying to misread Whitman so that he might make something new; something original? Or is Ginsberg positioning himself before Whitman’s greatness in acquiescence, a move that Bloom would call a characteristic of a “weak poet”? Within these questions, there are more questions. Is the dialogue between Whitman and Dickinson a product of cultural studies or aesthetics? Or what of e.e. cummings and Eliot? William Carlos Williams and Jean Toomer?
	In this direction of dialogue between Authors, I tend to favor aesthetics as a catalyst. The whole purpose of an “aesthetic” read is the belief that in reading, one can be moved in emotion. From feeling that emotion, one can respond. The innate value in an author’s writing can come from this response to another’s work. This is the “misinterpretation” that Bloom is discussing in “The Anxiety of Influence”, where an author looks to find originality by responding to a theme in an earlier work. It is a construction based purely on the interaction of individuals, not larger social schemes. Therefore, I chose certain writers who I believed followed this course. Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Hemingway, Toomer and Cullen are all initially looking to explore the conversations occurring within the Canon, rather than larger social themes. Certainly these social themes can be the subject of writing, but it is purely aesthetic; people read for an individual experience, not one that consists of a moral lesson of good citizenship. Bloom puts it best when he states that “the study of literature, however it is conducted, will not save any individual, any more than it will improve any society” (Bloom 31).
	“Where do I stand?” That is the final question left for me to answer and now, at the conclusion of the course, I find myself more confused than ever. But perhaps that is a good thing, as I’m now constantly trying to answer the new questions that arise as I try and fit myself into the schools of thought concerning aestheticism or cultural studies. I find myself somewhere along the the edge of the precipice, waiting for one decisive answer to push me over into aestheticism or cultural studies. I’ve chosen many authors because of my own reactions to them, not because I’ve “needed” to put them on the syllabus. They have been a pleasure to read and I believe that there is an inherent value that makes them a must for a syllabus. I’ve also chosen others because I lacked a certain “diversity”, showing me that I have played into cultural studies and its power and discourse; the panopticon is watching. If nothing else, I’ve agreed with Harold Bloom’s statement when he quotes Oscar Wilde that “Art is perfectly useless”. But I will go even further and say certainly that it is an experience.
American Literature II Spring 2006 Syllabus
Monday, Jan. 16
	Walt Whitman - When I Read the Book
			- One’s-Self I Sing
Wednesday, Jan. 18
	Walt Whitman - Song of Myself
Friday, Jan. 20
	Emily Dickinson - Selected Poems
Monday, Jan. 23
	Emily Dickinson - Selected Poems
Wednesday, Jan. 25
	George Washington Cable - Belles Demoiselles Plantation
Friday, Jan. 27
	Charles Chesnutt - The Goophered Grapevine
 Monday, Jan. 30
	Mark Twain - The Dandy Frightening the Squatter
Wednesday, Feb. 1
	Mark Twain - The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calveras Country
Friday, Feb. 3
	Henry James - The Art of Fiction
Monday, Feb. 6
	Charlotte Perkins Gilman -  The Yellow Wallpaper
Wednesday, Feb. 8
	Kate Chopin - The Awakening
Friday, Feb. 10
	Kate Chopin - The Awakening
Monday, Feb. 13
	Jack London - The Call of the Wild
Wednesday, Feb. 15
	Jack London - The Call of the Wild
Friday, Feb. 17
	Edith Wharton - The Other Two
Monday, Feb. 20
	No Class
Twentieth Century Literature
Wednesday, Feb. 22
	Robert Frost - Selected Poems
Friday, Feb. 24
	Robert Frost - Selected Poems
Monday, Feb. 27
	Willa Cather - Wagner Matineé
Wedneday, Mar. 1
	Carl Sandburg - Selected Poems
Friday, Mar. 3
	Ezra Pound - Selected Poems
Monday, Mar. 6
	Ezra Pound / T.S. Eliot - Selected Poems
Wednesday, Mar. 8
	T.S. Eliot - Selected Poems
Friday, Mar. 10
	E.E. Cummings / Hart Crane - Selected Poems
Monday, Mar. 13
	Spring Break
Wednesday, Mar. 15
	My Birthday CELEBRATE!
Friday, Mar. 17
	Spring Break
Monday, Mar. 20
	William Carlos Willams - Selected Poems
Wednesday, Mar. 22
	Counteé Cullen - Selected Poems
	Jean Toomer - Cane
Friday, Mar. 24
	Jean Toomer - Cane
Monday, Mar. 27
	Zora Neale Hurston - The Gilded Six-Bits
Wednesday, Mar. 29
	F. Scott Fitzgerald - Winter Dreams
Friday, Mar. 31
	F. Scott Fitzgerald - Babylon Revisited
Monday, Apr. 3
	Hemingway - A Farewell to Arms
Wednesday, Apr. 5
	Hemingway - A Farewell to Arms
Friday, Apr. 7
	Hemingway - A Farewell to Arms
Monday, Apr. 10
	William Faulkner - The Evening Sun
Wednesday, Apr. 12
	W illiam Faulkner - A Rose for Emily
Friday, Apr. 14 -
	Easter Break
Monday, Apr. 17
	Easter Break
Wednesday, Apr. 19
	Flannery O’Connor - Good Country People
Friday, Apr. 21
	Tomàs Rivera - ...AND THE EARTH DID NOT PART
Monday, Apr. 24
	Alice Walker - Everyday Use
Wednesday, Apr. 26
	Leslie Marmon Silko - The Man to Send Rain Clouds
Friday, Apr. 28
	Raymond Carver - Catherdal
Monday, May 1
	Jhumpa Lahiri - Interpreter of Maladies
Wenesday, May 3
	Jhumpa Lahiri - Interpreter of Maldies
Friday, May 5
	Jhumpas Lahir - Interpreter of Maladies