almostaskier
Active member
thank you.
Who on here is a millionare or billionare?? or family is very weathly?
- Thread starter LineAddiction9
- Start date
Chubby.Chaser
Active member
liquid nitrogen on the other hand is sweet
helium boils around 4 Kelvin btw
helium boils around 4 Kelvin btw
Badfish2
Active member
Glass is a uniform amorphous solid material, usually produced when the viscous molten material cools very rapidly to below its glass transition temperature, without sufficient time for a regular crystal lattice to form. The most familiar form of glass is the silica-based material used for windows, containers and decorative objects.
In its pure form glass is a transparent, strong, hard-wearing, essentially inert, and biologically inactive material which can be formed with very smooth and impervious surfaces. Glass is, however, brittle and will break into sharp shards. These properties can be modified or changed with the addition of other compounds or heat treatment.
Common glass contains about 70% amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2), which is the same chemical compound found in quartz and in its polycrystalline form, sand.
The most obvious characteristic of ordinary glass is that it is transparent to visible light (not all glassy materials are). This transparency is due to an absence of electronic transition states in the range of visible light, and because ordinary glass is homogeneous on all length scales greater than about a wavelength of visible light. (Heterogeneities cause light to be scattered, breaking up any coherent image transmission). Ordinary glass partially blocks UVA (wavelength 400 and 300 nm) and totally blocks UVC and UVB (wavelengths shorter than 300 nm) due to the addition of compounds such as soda ash (sodium carbonate).
Pure SiO2 glass (also called fused quartz) does not absorb UV light and is used for applications that require transparency in this region, although it is more expensive. This type of glass can be made so pure that, when made into fibre optic cables, hundreds of kilometres of glass are transparent at infrared wavelengths. Individual fibres are given an equally transparent core of SiO2/GeO2 glass, which has only slightly different optical properties (the germanium contributing to a higher index of refraction). Undersea cables have sections doped with erbium, which amplify transmitted signals by laser emission from within the glass itself. Amorphous SiO2 is also used as a dielectric material in integrated circuits, due to the smooth and electrically neutral interface it forms with silicon.
Glasses used for making optical devices are categorized using a six-digit glass code, or alternatively a letter-number code from the Schott Glass catalogue. For example, BK7 is a low-dispersion borosilicate crown glass, and SF10 is a high-dispersion dense flint glass. The glasses are arranged by composition, refractive index, and Abbe number.
Glass is sometimes created naturally from volcanic magma. This glass is called obsidian, and is usually black with impurities. Obsidian is a raw material for flint knappers, who have used it to make extremely sharp knives since the stone age. Collecting obsidian from national parks and some places may be prohibited by law in some countries, but the same toolmaking techniques can be applied to industrially-made glass.
Pure silica (SiO2) has a melting point of about 2000 °C (3600 °F), and while it can be made into glass for special applications (see fused quartz), two other substances are always added to common glass to simplify processing. One is soda (sodium carbonate Na2CO3), or potash, the equivalent potassium compound, which lowers the melting point to about 1000 °C (1800 °F). However, the soda makes the glass water-soluble, which is usually undesirable, so lime (calcium oxide, CaO) is the third component, added to restore insolubility. The resulting glass contains about 70% silica and is called a soda-lime glass. Soda-lime glasses account for about 90% of manufactured glass.
As well as soda and lime, most common glass has other ingredients added to change its properties. Lead glass, such as lead crystal or flint glass, is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more "sparkles", while boron may be added to change the thermal and electrical properties, as in Pyrex. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion, and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses, but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern glasses. Large amounts of iron are used in glass that absorbs infrared energy, such as heat absorbing filters for movie projectors, while cerium(IV) oxide can be used for glass that absorbs UV wavelengths (biologically damaging ionizing radiation).
Naturally occurring glass, such as obsidian, has been used since the stone age. Glass making instructions were first documented in Egypt around 1500 BC when glass was used as a glaze for pottery and other items. In the first century BC the technique of blowing glass was developed.
During the Roman Empire many forms of glass were created, usually for vases and bottles. Glass was made from sand, plant ash and lime. The earliest use of glass was as a coloured, opaque, or transparent glaze applied to ceramics before they were fired. Small pieces of coloured glass were considered valuable and often rivalled precious gems as jewellery items. As time passed, it was discovered that if glass is heated until it becomes semi-liquid, it can be shaped and left to cool in a new, solid shape.
In the first century BC, at the eastern end of the Mediterranean glass blowing, both free-blowing and mould-blowing, was discovered.
The colour of "natural glass" is green to bluish green. This colour is caused by naturally occurring iron impurities in the sand. Common glass today usually has a slight green or blue tint, arising from these same impurities. Glassmakers learned to make coloured glass by adding metallic compounds and mineral oxides to produce brilliant hues of red, green, and blue - the colours of gemstones. When gem-cutters learned to cut glass, they found clear glass was an excellent refractor of light. The popularity of cut clear glass soared while that of coloured glass diminished.
Glass objects from the 7th and 8th centuries have been found on the island of Torcello near Venice. These form an important link between Roman times and the later importance of that city in the production of the material. About 1000 AD, an important technical breakthrough was made in Northern Europe when soda glass was replaced by glass made from a much more readily available material: potash obtained from wood ashes. From this point on, northern glass differed significantly from that made in the Mediterranean area, where soda remained in common use.
The 11th century saw the emergence, in Germany, of new ways of making sheet glass by blowing spheres, swinging these out to form cylinders, cutting these while still hot, and then flattening the sheets. This technique was perfected in 13th century Venice.
Until the 12th century, stained glass (i.e., glass with some colouring impurities, usually metals) was not widely used.
The centre for glass making from the 14th century was Venice, which developed many new techniques and became the centre of a lucrative export trade in dinner ware, mirrors, and other luxury items. Eventually some of the Venetian glass workers moved to other areas of northern Europe and glass making spread with them.
The Crown glass process was used up to the mid-1800s. In this process, the glassblower would spin around 9 lb (4 kg) of molten glass at the end of a rod until it flattened into a disk approximately 5 ft (1.5 m) in diameter. The disk would then be cut into panes. Venetian glass was highly prized between the 10th and 14th centuries. Around 1688, a process for casting glass was developed, which led to its becoming a much more commonly used material. The invention of the glass pressing machine in 1827 allowed the mass production of inexpensive glass articles.
The cylinder method of creating flat glass was first used in the United States of America in the 1820s.
Art is sometimes etched into glass via acid or other caustic substance. Traditionally this was done after the glass was blown or cast. In the 1920s a new mould-etch process was invented, in which art was etched directly into the mould, so that each cast piece emerged from the mould with the image already on the surface of the glass. This reduced manufacturing costs and, combined with a wider use of coloured glass, led to cheap glassware in the 1930s, which later became known as Depression glass.
In its pure form glass is a transparent, strong, hard-wearing, essentially inert, and biologically inactive material which can be formed with very smooth and impervious surfaces. Glass is, however, brittle and will break into sharp shards. These properties can be modified or changed with the addition of other compounds or heat treatment.
Common glass contains about 70% amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2), which is the same chemical compound found in quartz and in its polycrystalline form, sand.
The most obvious characteristic of ordinary glass is that it is transparent to visible light (not all glassy materials are). This transparency is due to an absence of electronic transition states in the range of visible light, and because ordinary glass is homogeneous on all length scales greater than about a wavelength of visible light. (Heterogeneities cause light to be scattered, breaking up any coherent image transmission). Ordinary glass partially blocks UVA (wavelength 400 and 300 nm) and totally blocks UVC and UVB (wavelengths shorter than 300 nm) due to the addition of compounds such as soda ash (sodium carbonate).
Pure SiO2 glass (also called fused quartz) does not absorb UV light and is used for applications that require transparency in this region, although it is more expensive. This type of glass can be made so pure that, when made into fibre optic cables, hundreds of kilometres of glass are transparent at infrared wavelengths. Individual fibres are given an equally transparent core of SiO2/GeO2 glass, which has only slightly different optical properties (the germanium contributing to a higher index of refraction). Undersea cables have sections doped with erbium, which amplify transmitted signals by laser emission from within the glass itself. Amorphous SiO2 is also used as a dielectric material in integrated circuits, due to the smooth and electrically neutral interface it forms with silicon.
Glasses used for making optical devices are categorized using a six-digit glass code, or alternatively a letter-number code from the Schott Glass catalogue. For example, BK7 is a low-dispersion borosilicate crown glass, and SF10 is a high-dispersion dense flint glass. The glasses are arranged by composition, refractive index, and Abbe number.
Glass is sometimes created naturally from volcanic magma. This glass is called obsidian, and is usually black with impurities. Obsidian is a raw material for flint knappers, who have used it to make extremely sharp knives since the stone age. Collecting obsidian from national parks and some places may be prohibited by law in some countries, but the same toolmaking techniques can be applied to industrially-made glass.
Pure silica (SiO2) has a melting point of about 2000 °C (3600 °F), and while it can be made into glass for special applications (see fused quartz), two other substances are always added to common glass to simplify processing. One is soda (sodium carbonate Na2CO3), or potash, the equivalent potassium compound, which lowers the melting point to about 1000 °C (1800 °F). However, the soda makes the glass water-soluble, which is usually undesirable, so lime (calcium oxide, CaO) is the third component, added to restore insolubility. The resulting glass contains about 70% silica and is called a soda-lime glass. Soda-lime glasses account for about 90% of manufactured glass.
As well as soda and lime, most common glass has other ingredients added to change its properties. Lead glass, such as lead crystal or flint glass, is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more "sparkles", while boron may be added to change the thermal and electrical properties, as in Pyrex. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion, and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses, but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern glasses. Large amounts of iron are used in glass that absorbs infrared energy, such as heat absorbing filters for movie projectors, while cerium(IV) oxide can be used for glass that absorbs UV wavelengths (biologically damaging ionizing radiation).
Naturally occurring glass, such as obsidian, has been used since the stone age. Glass making instructions were first documented in Egypt around 1500 BC when glass was used as a glaze for pottery and other items. In the first century BC the technique of blowing glass was developed.
During the Roman Empire many forms of glass were created, usually for vases and bottles. Glass was made from sand, plant ash and lime. The earliest use of glass was as a coloured, opaque, or transparent glaze applied to ceramics before they were fired. Small pieces of coloured glass were considered valuable and often rivalled precious gems as jewellery items. As time passed, it was discovered that if glass is heated until it becomes semi-liquid, it can be shaped and left to cool in a new, solid shape.
In the first century BC, at the eastern end of the Mediterranean glass blowing, both free-blowing and mould-blowing, was discovered.
The colour of "natural glass" is green to bluish green. This colour is caused by naturally occurring iron impurities in the sand. Common glass today usually has a slight green or blue tint, arising from these same impurities. Glassmakers learned to make coloured glass by adding metallic compounds and mineral oxides to produce brilliant hues of red, green, and blue - the colours of gemstones. When gem-cutters learned to cut glass, they found clear glass was an excellent refractor of light. The popularity of cut clear glass soared while that of coloured glass diminished.
Glass objects from the 7th and 8th centuries have been found on the island of Torcello near Venice. These form an important link between Roman times and the later importance of that city in the production of the material. About 1000 AD, an important technical breakthrough was made in Northern Europe when soda glass was replaced by glass made from a much more readily available material: potash obtained from wood ashes. From this point on, northern glass differed significantly from that made in the Mediterranean area, where soda remained in common use.
The 11th century saw the emergence, in Germany, of new ways of making sheet glass by blowing spheres, swinging these out to form cylinders, cutting these while still hot, and then flattening the sheets. This technique was perfected in 13th century Venice.
Until the 12th century, stained glass (i.e., glass with some colouring impurities, usually metals) was not widely used.
The centre for glass making from the 14th century was Venice, which developed many new techniques and became the centre of a lucrative export trade in dinner ware, mirrors, and other luxury items. Eventually some of the Venetian glass workers moved to other areas of northern Europe and glass making spread with them.
The Crown glass process was used up to the mid-1800s. In this process, the glassblower would spin around 9 lb (4 kg) of molten glass at the end of a rod until it flattened into a disk approximately 5 ft (1.5 m) in diameter. The disk would then be cut into panes. Venetian glass was highly prized between the 10th and 14th centuries. Around 1688, a process for casting glass was developed, which led to its becoming a much more commonly used material. The invention of the glass pressing machine in 1827 allowed the mass production of inexpensive glass articles.
The cylinder method of creating flat glass was first used in the United States of America in the 1820s.
Art is sometimes etched into glass via acid or other caustic substance. Traditionally this was done after the glass was blown or cast. In the 1920s a new mould-etch process was invented, in which art was etched directly into the mould, so that each cast piece emerged from the mould with the image already on the surface of the glass. This reduced manufacturing costs and, combined with a wider use of coloured glass, led to cheap glassware in the 1930s, which later became known as Depression glass.
Sashac
Active member
..... you're right nina 
my money has blinded me from the discoveries of life. i tried to hide myself from people behind my stacks and stacks of money. what i was really looking for was a true friend.
after our conversation here on newschoolers.com i have oficially decided to donate my money to the WHSF (we have short fingers) fund, to provide pencils and erasers to people with short fingers.
i hope you can forgive me for all the terrible, greedy things i have done and said. i truly regret it all.
i wish i had never inherited 15.7 million dollars and will do my best to forget this burden!
i need a friend. ninaa, will you be my friend? if you have short fingers i'll buy you a special pencil!
my money has blinded me from the discoveries of life. i tried to hide myself from people behind my stacks and stacks of money. what i was really looking for was a true friend.
after our conversation here on newschoolers.com i have oficially decided to donate my money to the WHSF (we have short fingers) fund, to provide pencils and erasers to people with short fingers.
i hope you can forgive me for all the terrible, greedy things i have done and said. i truly regret it all.
i wish i had never inherited 15.7 million dollars and will do my best to forget this burden!
i need a friend. ninaa, will you be my friend? if you have short fingers i'll buy you a special pencil!
Gigantaface
Member
respect to your dad
AtomicTweaker
Active member
ill take one please...put your money where your mouth is
Poormansvault
Member
Two things, not hate, just pointing out (what you do with your money is your deal)
First founders of McDonalds sold the rights away to Ray Kroc for next to nothing, so they may have made a little from that, but nothing compared to what Kroc made.
You can't just go up and buy these companies. Dynastar is owned way up by one of a few companies, and they will probably be unwilling to sell you it, except for some exorbitant price. I don't know anything about Scott's business, but I am almost certain Armada isn't a public company, so you can't buy it unless they invite you to.
First founders of McDonalds sold the rights away to Ray Kroc for next to nothing, so they may have made a little from that, but nothing compared to what Kroc made.
You can't just go up and buy these companies. Dynastar is owned way up by one of a few companies, and they will probably be unwilling to sell you it, except for some exorbitant price. I don't know anything about Scott's business, but I am almost certain Armada isn't a public company, so you can't buy it unless they invite you to.
ski_cartel
Active member
clearly your shoping at the wrong stores
-benedetto
Active member
you can go to jail for that threat
SN0WBOARDER
Active member
i have like $1.40 in my pocket, so yea im rich.
shagalabagala
Active member
yeah, i knew something was fishy when you said your mom was ray kroc
slice_of_mustard
Member
there is nothing wrong with suing mcdonalds, seriously like 10 million dollars is probably nothing to them, and all mcdonalds does is make shitty food that makes people fat. i think im gonna try to sue them too that would be sweet.
ThisAngelicRage
Active member
i am about the settle with a drug rehab i was forced to go t by the state and then my rights were intentionally voilated numerous times on extreme levels. this place is brand new and already in the gutter so they wanted to settle out of court. i'm amped.
rossiscratch04
Member
sorry to hear about your dad
slice_of_mustard
Member
ok yeah your right but seriously who would feel bad about taking mcdonalds money?
skitoggrob
Active member
hes a toole...its ok
manwiththemetalleg
Active member
^ What do you do? Sell crack?