As Mr.Bishop stated, the site is coded in PHP using a custom framework, loosely based off of CodeIgniter. If you are learning PHP for the first time, I'd suggest looking into more modern frameworks like Laravel.
The technology stack is standard LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP). The framework has been re-worked throughout the years, starting with what Harvey wrote (V1), then threw a few rewrites to the current version. The framework provides services that are used on most pages like login functions, query and caching helpers, rendering tools, URL path generators, member modification tools, etc...
Development is done on a test server running the same software stack. Our editors are configured to save changes immediately on the server so changes can be tested live. Problems are usually debugged in FireBug or Chrome's inspector (though I'm partial to FireBug).
As for the question about security, we are attacked constantly. An hour doesn't go by that an input isn't being tested for SQL injection, cross site scripting, HTML injection, etc... there is always something. Rule of thumb, NEVER trust your users (sorry guys). For example, you'll notice forms around the site include hidden input fields "user_id" or the like, but these are basically not trusted. Input forms are processed using the login session to identify the user. Every input supplied to the server is escaped when appropriate and checked for validity. Never use the outdated "register_globals" or "magic_quotes", follow modern security guides and you'll be fine.
I hope I answered all of your questions.
Ciao