Under the ASTM and Snell standards, ski
helmets are tested in 2 meter drops that achieve about 14 miles
per hour (22.5 km/h) at impact, onto a flat anvil. Motorcycle
helmets are routinely tested using 3 meter drops which acheive
about 17 mph (27.36 km/h), yet it is widely accepted that motorcycle
helmets have proven to provide substantial protection against
brain injury at much higher speeds. It should be noted that the
differential between motorcycle helmet drop rig test speeds and
the average speed of motorcycle riders is far higher than the
differential between the ski helmet test speeds, and average
skier speeds. And yet no one seriously questions the efficacy
of motorcycle helmets, there is simply too much data proving
their effectiveness.
It should also be noted that bicycle helmets
are tested using the same 2 meter drops as ski helmets, and like
skiers, bicyclists frequently exceed 14 mph in forward speed,
yet the famous 1998 case-control study of the effectiveness of
bicycle safety helmets by Thompson and Patterson, indicated that
bicycle helmet use reduces the risk of head injury by 85%, brain
injury by 88% and severe brain injury by at least 75%. The Thompson
and Patterson study also showed that this protection extended
to crashes involving a variety of causes, and at higher speeds,
including collisions with fixed and moving objects, such as cars
and trucks. In addition, since the time of the Thompson and Patterson
study, there have been at least six independent studies published
which have conclusively shown that bicycle helmets are effective
in protecting against head injuries in a variety of accident
scenarios. (
Hagel,
et al)
Simply put, both helmet wearing bicyclists
and motorcycle riders routinely ride much, much faster than the
apparent capability of their helmets to protect-- at least as
far as a literal reading of helmet test standards would indicate.
In reality, there is overwhelming real-world data and clinical
experience which has clearly shown that these helmet wearers
benefit from significant protection in collisions, even at much
higher speeds.
Another widespread criticism of ski helmets
is the one involving "risk compensation." This is the
theory that people will take more chances when using protective
headgear, that the exaggerated feeling of security a ski helmet
supposedly affords is likely to lead people into increasing their
level of risk-taking on the slopes. The theory posits that skiers
and snowboarders will tend to bring their level of thrill back
up to their own individual, acceptable level of risk.
This has been a favorite theory of one
Dr. Jasper Shealy, a researcher who has been the darling of the
National Ski Areas Association (NSSA) for many years. Dr. Shealy,
who has been quoted as saying that he doesn't wear a helmet unless
it is to keep his head warm, currently shares his thoughts on
the NSSA's Lids
on Kids website. Incredibly, in this article on an industry
site supposedly developed "to help educate parents about
putting helmets on their children while they're on the slopes,"
Shealy allows that he is "not exactly" happy with the
trend of increased helmet use. One of the main reasons he gives
involves the theory of risk compensation.
Yet in a landmark ski helmet study published
in 2004, Brent Hagel, an assistant professor of epidemiology
at the University of Calgary, found that helmet use
did not
lead to riskier behavior or increase the risk of severe injury
while skiing and snowboarding. In fact, Hagel discovered that
wearing a helmet out on the slopes may reduce the risk of head
injury by as much as 29 to 56%. Hagel's
study didn't include those who fell and hit their heads but
did not sustain an injury because they were wearing a helmet.
Including those individuals would have increased the documented
protective effect of helmets even more.
Further, in 2005, Dr. Michael Scott of
the California State University at Chico, along with several
others, published a
report
entitled "Testing the Risk Compensation Hypothesis for Safety
Helmets in Alpine Skiing and Snowboarding. Dr. Scott and his
group recorded face-to-face interviews with 1,779 adult skiers
and snowboarders at 31 ski areas in Western North America during
January-March 2003. Respondents were asked two questions assessing
risk compensation: do they (a) ski/snowboard faster, slower or
about the same speed, and (b) challenge themselves more, less
or about the same. Helmet wearers compared current behavior to
when they did not wear a helmet; non-wearers, to previous seasons.
The result: helmet use was significantly associated with less
risky skiing/snowboarding, and the study's authors concluded
that increasing helmet use does not appear to motivate more risk
taking. Helmet wearers were said to engage in "less risk
behavior than non-wearers, suggesting that decisions to adopt
helmets are motivated by safety concerns.