How the Government Can Create Jobs
Testimony by Peter D. Schiff
Offered to the House Sub-Committee on Government Reform and Stimulus Oversight
September 13, 2011
Mr. Chairman, Mr. Ranking member, and all distinguished members of this
panel. Thank you for inviting me here today to offer my opinions as to
how the government can help the American economy recover from the worst
crisis in living memory.
Despite the understandable human tendency to help others, government
spending cannot be a net creator of jobs. Indeed many efforts currently
under consideration by the Administration and Congress will actively
destroy jobs. These initiatives must stop. While it is easy to see how a
deficit-financed government program can lead to the creation of a
specific job, it is much harder to see how other jobs are destroyed by
the diversion of capital and resources. It is also difficult to see how
the bigger budget deficits sap the economy of vitality, destroying jobs
in the process.
In a free market jobs are created by profit seeking businesses with
access to capital. Unfortunately Government taxes and regulation
diminish profits, and deficit spending and artificially low interest
rates inhibit capital formation. As a result unemployment remains high,
and will likely continue to rise until policies are reversed.
It is my belief that a dollar of deficit spending does more damage to
job creation than a dollar of taxes. That is because taxes
(particularly those targeting the middle or lower income groups) have
their greatest impact on spending, while deficits more directly impact
savings and investment. Contrary to the beliefs held by many
professional economists spending does not make an economy grow. Savings
and investment are far more determinative. Any program that diverts
capital into consumption and away from savings and investment will
diminish future economic growth and job creation.
Creating jobs is easy for government, but all jobs are not equal.
Paying people to dig ditches and fill them up does society no good. On
balance these “jobs” diminish the economy by wasting scarce land, labor
and capital. We do not want jobs for the sake of work, but for the
goods and services they produce. As it has a printing press, the
government could mandate employment for all, as did the Soviet Union.
But if these jobs are not productive, and government jobs rarely are,
society is no better for it.
This is also true of the much vaunted “infrastructure spending.” Any
funds directed toward infrastructure deprive the economy of resources
that might otherwise have funded projects that the market determines
have greater economic value. Infrastructure can improve an economy in
the log-run, but only if the investments succeeds in raising
productivity more than the cost of the project itself. In the interim,
infrastructure costs are burdens that an economy must bear, not a means
in themselves.
Unfortunately our economy is so weak and indebted that we simply cannot
currently afford many of these projects. The labor and other resources
that would be diverted to finance them are badly needed elsewhere.
Although it was labeled and hyped as a “jobs plan,” the new $447
billion initiative announced last night by President Obama is merely
another government stimulus program in disguise. Like all previous
stimuli that have been injected into the economy over the past three
years, this round of borrowing and spending will act as an economic
sedative rather than a stimulant. I am convinced that a year from now
there will be even more unemployed Americans than there are today,
likely resulting in additional deficit financed stimulus that will again
make the situation worse.
The President asserted that the spending in the plan will be “paid for”
and will not add to the deficit. Conveniently, he offered no details
about how this will be achieved. Most likely he will make non-binding
suggestions that future congresses “pay” for this spending by cutting
budgets five to ten years in the future. In the meantime money to fund
the stimulus has to come from someplace. Either the government will
borrow it legitimately from private sources, or the Federal Reserve will
print. Either way, the adverse consequences will damage economic growth
and job creation, and lower the living standards of Americans.
There can be no doubt that some jobs will in fact be created by this
plan. However, it is much more difficult to identify the jobs that it
destroys or prevents from coming into existence. Here’s a case in point:
the $4,000 tax credit for hiring new workers who have been unemployed
for six months or more. The subsidy may make little difference in
effecting the high end of the job market, but it really could make an
impact on minimum wage jobs where rather than expanding employment it
will merely increase turnover.
Since an employer need only hire a worker for 6 months to get the
credit, for a full time employee, the credit effectively reduces the
$7.25 minimum wage (from the employer’s perspective) to only $3.40 per
hour for a six-month hire. While minimum wage jobs would certainly offer
no enticement to those collecting unemployment benefits, the lower
effective rate may create some opportunities for teenagers and some low
skilled individuals whose unemployment benefits have expired. However,
most of these jobs will end after six months so employers can replace
those workers with others to get an additional tax credit.
Of course the numbers get even more compelling for employers to provide
returning veterans with temporary minimum wage jobs, as the higher
$5,600 tax credit effectively reduces the minimum wage to only $1.87 per
hour. If an employer hires a “wounded warrior”, the tax credit is
$9,600 which effectively reduces the six-month minimum wage by $9.23 to
negative $1.98 per hour. This will encourage employers to hire a
“wounded warrior” even if there is nothing for the employee to do. Such
an incentive may encourage such individuals to acquire multiple no-show
jobs form numerous employers. As absurd as this sounds, history has
shown that when government created incentives, the public will twist
themselves into pretzels to qualify for the benefit.
The plan creates incentives for employers to replace current minimum
wage workers with new workers just to get the tax credit. Low skill
workers are the easiest to replace as training costs are minimal. The
laid off workers can collect unemployment for six months and then be
hired back in a manner that allows the employer to claim the credit. The
only problem is that the former worker may prefer collecting extended
unemployment benefits to working for the minimum wage!
The $4,000 credit for hiring the unemployed as well as the explicit
penalties for discriminating against the long-term unemployed will
result in a situation where employers will be far more likely to
interview and hire applicants who have been unemployed for just under
six months. Under the law, employers would be wise to refuse to
interview anyone who has been unemployed for more than six months, as
any subsequent decision not to hire could be met with a lawsuit.
However, to get the tax credit they would be incentivized to interview
applicants who have been unemployed for just under six months. If they
are never hired there can be no risk of a lawsuit, but if they are
hired, the start date can be planned to qualify for the credit.
The result will simply create classes of winners (those unemployed for
four or five months) and losers (the newly unemployed and the long term
unemployed). Ironically, the law banning discrimination against
long-term unemployed will make it much harder for such individuals to
find jobs.
At present, I am beginning to feel that over regulation of business and
employment, and an overly complex and punitive tax code is currently a
bigger impediment to job growth than is our horrific fiscal and monetary
policies. As a business owner I know that reckless government policy
can cause no end of unintended consequences.
As I see it, here are the biggest obstacles preventing job growth:
Monetary policy
Interest rates are much too low. Cheap money produced both the stock
market and real estate bubbles, and is currently facilitating a bubble
in government debt. When this bubble bursts the repercussions will dwarf
the shock produced by the financial crisis of 2008. Interest rates must
be raised to bring on a badly needed restructuring of our economy. No
doubt an environment of higher rates will cause short-term pain. But we
need to move from a “borrow and spend” economy to a “save and produce”
economy. This cannot be done with ultra-low interest rates. In the
short-term GNP will need to contract. There will be a pickup in
transitory unemployment. Real estate and stock prices will fall. Many
banks will fail. There will be more foreclosures. Government spending
will have to be slashed. Entitlements will have to be cut. Many voters
will be angry. But such an environment will lay the foundation upon
which a real recovery can be built.
The government must allow our bubble economy to fully deflate. Asset
prices, wages, and spending must fall, interest rates, production, and
savings must rise. Resources, including labor, must be reallocated away
from certain sectors, such as government, services, finance, health
care, and educations, and be allowed to into manufacturing, mining, oil
and gas, agriculture, and other goods producing fields. We will never
borrow and spend our way out of a crisis caused by too much borrowing
and spending. The only way out is to reverse course.
Fiscal policy
To create conditions that foster growth, the government should balance
the budget with major cuts in government spending, severely reform and
simplify the tax code. It would be preferable if all corporate and
personal taxes could be replaces by a national sales tax. Our current
tax system discourages the activities that we need most: hard work,
production, savings, investment, and risk taking. Instead it
incentivizes consumption and debt. We should tax people when they spend
their wealth, not when they create it. High marginal income tax rates
inflict major damage to job creation, as the tax is generally paid out
of money that otherwise would have been used to finance capital
investment and job creation.
Regulation
Regulations have substantially increased the costs and risks
associated with job creation. Employers are subjected to all sorts of
onerous regulations, taxes, and legal liability. The act of becoming an
employer should be made as easy as possible. Instead we have made it
more difficult. In fact, among small business owners, limiting the
number of employees is generally a goal. This is not a consequence of
the market, but of a rational desire on the part of business owners to
limit their cost and legal liabilities. They would prefer to hire
workers, but these added burdens make it preferable to seek out
alternatives.
In my own business, securities regulations have prohibited me from
hiring brokers for more than three years. I was even fined fifteen
thousand dollar expressly for hiring too many brokers in 2008. In the
process I incurred more than $500,000 in legal bills to mitigate a more
severe regulatory outcome as a result of hiring too many workers. I have
also been prohibited from opening up additional offices. I had a major
expansion plan that would have resulted in my creating hundreds of
additional jobs. Regulations have forced me to put those jobs on hold.
In addition, the added cost of security regulations have forced me to
create an offshore brokerage firm to handle foreign accounts that are
now too expensive to handle from the United States. Revenue and jobs
that would have been created in the U.S. are now being created abroad
instead. In addition, I am moving several asset management jobs from
Newport Beach, California to Singapore.
As Congress turns up the heat, more of my capital will continue to be
diverted to my foreign companies, creating jobs and tax revenues abroad
rather than in the United States.
To encourage real and lasting job growth the best thing the government
can do is to make it as easy as possible for business to hire and
employ people. This means cutting down on workplace regulations. It also
means eliminating the punitive aspects of employment law that cause
employers to think twice about hiring. To be blunt, the easier employees
are to fire, the higher the likelihood they will be hired. Some steps
Congress could take now include:
a. Abolish the Federal Minimum Wage
Minimum
wages have never raised the wages of anyone and simply draw an
arbitrary line that separates the employable from the unemployable. Just
like prices, wages are determined by supply and demand. The demand for
workers is a function of how much productivity a worker can produce.
Setting the wage at $7.25 simply means that only those workers who can
produce goods and services that create more than $7.25 (plus all
additional payroll associated costs) per hour are eligible for jobs.
Those who can’t, become permanently unemployable. The artificial limits
encourage employers to look to minimize hires and to automate wherever
possible.
By putting many low skill workers (such as teenagers) below the line,
the minimum wage prevents crucial on the job training, which could
provide workers with the experience and skills needed to earn higher
wages.
b. Repeal all Federal workplace anti-discrimination Laws
One of the reasons unemployment is so high among minorities is that
business owners (particularly small business) are wary of legal
liability associated with various categories of protected minorities.
The fear of litigation, and the costly judgments that can ensue, are
real. Given that it is nearly impossible for an employer to control all
the aspects of the workplace environment, litigation risk is a tangible
consideration. Given all the legal avenues afforded by legislation,
minority employees are much more likely to sue employers. To avoid this,
some employers simply look to avoid this outcome by sticking with less
risky employee categories. It is not racism that causes this
discrimination, but a rational desire to mitigate liability. The reality
is that a true free market would punish employers that discriminate
based on race or other criteria irrelevant to job performance. That is
because businesses that hire based strictly on merit would have a
competitive advantage. Anti-discrimination laws titled the advantage to
those who discriminate.
c. Repeal all laws mandating employment terms such as work place conditions, over-time, benefits, leave, medical benefits, etc.
Employment is a voluntary relationship between two parties. The more
room the parties have to negotiate and agree on their own terms, the
more likely a job will be created. Rules imposed from the top create
inefficiencies that limit employment opportunities. Employee benefits
are a cost of employment, and high value employees have all the
bargaining power they need to extract benefits from employers. They are
free to search for the best benefits they can get just as they search
for the best wages.
Companies that do not offer benefits will lose employees to companies
that do. Just as employees are free to leave companies at will, so too
should employers be free to terminate an employee without fear of costly
repercussions. Individuals should not gain rights because they are
employees, and individuals should not lose rights because they become
employers.
d. Abolish extended unemployment benefits
In addition to being a source of emergency funds, unemployment
benefits over time become more of a disincentive to employment than
anything else (although the disincentive diminishes with the worker’s
skill level -- i.e. high wage workers are unlikely to forego a high wage
job opportunity to preserve unemployment benefits). For marginally
skilled workers unemployment insurance is a major factor in determining
if a job should be taken or not.
Even if unemployment pays a significant fraction of the wage a worker
would get with a full time job, the money may be enough to convince the
worker to stay home. After all, there are costs associated with having a
job. Not only does a worker pay payroll and income taxes on any wages
he earns, the loss of unemployment benefits itself acts as a tax. Plus
workers must pay for such job related expenses as transportation,
clothing, restaurant meals, dry cleaning and childcare, and they must
forgo other work that they could do in their free time (providing care
for loved ones, home improvement, etc.).
Understandably, most people also find leisure time preferable to work.
As a result, any job that does not offer a major monetary advantage to
unemployment benefits will likely be turned down. This entrenches
unemployment insurance recipients into a class of permanently unemployed
workers.
It is no accident that employment increases immediately after
unemployment insurance expires for many categories of workers. In fact,
many individual will seek to max out their benefits, and remain
unemployed until those benefits expire. If they work at all, it will be
for cash under-the-table, so as not to leave any money on the table.