Best loop ever for a Colorado newbie, and my suggestion:
I am assume you will fly into DIA, or if you are driving from the East you will come through this are probably anyways. Check out Denver if you want. Then Head West on I-70.
First Stop should be Summit County. You definitely need to check out this area because Keystone and Breck have the best parks I have ever skied. The two areas are pretty close so you could easily check out both. If you don't like park, just drive a bit further to Vail. You have to ski vail. It is huge and trademark, and even if it isn't the gnarliest, there is some really good terrain, snow is decent and there is no way you could possibly not find something you are interested in. You could spend a whole season exploring Breck, Key and Vail, if not longer so spend some days here and warm things up.
Then keep heading West/SouthWest. If you are interested in big resorts then you can easily hit Aspen from here. If you are not interested in Aspen, skip it and head to Crested Butte/Telluride. Your choice. I recommend Telluride because it is closer to the final goal, but if you have to time to hit the butte, hit that butte hard. It has sick terrain, and last year they got shit all over with snow.
From Crested/Telluride keep heading south and set up shop in Durango. Now, from here you are going to ski Silverton Mtn a minimum of 1 time (make reservations in advance), as well as Wolf Creek. If you are really into big mountains steeps etc, Silverton is paradise. Slightly expensive, but you will understand when you get there, it has a vibe that is so unbelievably cool and the best terrain/snow of anywhere I have ever been. If they have unguided skiing, go for it. If not, be careful who you get grouped with, it sucks to get grouped with gapers/old people. Wolf creek is the funnest mountain ever. The get insane amounts of snow, the most in Colorado, and not lots of people there/zero base development(although Silverton makes it look like Deer Valley). The terrain is great up top, but flattens out somethin' considerable at the bottom which can be annoying. Just stick to the farthest over lift, and lap that shit. Keep your speed up and don't stop. Short hikes at the top score extra goods.
When you have had enough, go home.
I just gave you valuable information, use it wisely.